John Lockes Theory of Knowledge Essay - 1878 Words

I. General Notions Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes were not truly conscious of the phenomenalistic consequences of their theory of knowledge, which was based on empiricism. Both considered sensation as phenomenal presentations and also as representations of reality. Thus they still had something upon which to build an absolute metaphysics. With Locke gnosiological phenomenalism enters its critical phase. By considering sensations merely as subjective presentations, Locke gives us a theory of knowledge of subjective data devoid of any relation with external objects. Hence Locke is the first to give us a logic for Empiricism, that is, for sensations considered as phenomena of knowledge. Such an attitude excludes any consistent metaphysics†¦show more content†¦After the accession of William of Orange, he returned to England, retired to private life, and dedicated himself to his studies. He died in 1704. Locke is a representative of the English culture of his time. With a mind open to the most varied problems, Locke was a philosopher, a doctor of medicine, and educator, a politician and a man of action. Lockes principal works, in chronological order, are: Treatises on Government; Essay Concerning Human Understanding (his masterpiece); Thoughts on Education. III. Epistemology: Origin of Knowledge Descartes had admitted that some some ideas are innate in the intellect. Locke dedicated the first book of his Essay Concerning Human Understanding to a refutation of Descartes innatism. If we had innate ideas, says Locke, we would be conscious of having them. But it is an undeniable fact that children, savages, the unlearned, are not conscious of having innate ideas; they acquire knowledge during the course of a lifetime. It is impossible that anyone should have knowledge of something of which he is not conscious. Furthermore, experience teaches that certain moral principles and the notion of God, far from being innate, vary with different people and at different times. Hence there exists no innate idea; our intellect, at the first moment of its being, is a tabula rasa, a clean sheet of paper on which nothing has yet been written. All impressions we later find thereon (which for LockeShow MoreRelatedJohn Lockes Theory of Knowledge Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Locke (1632-1704) was the first of the classical British empiricists. (Empiricists believed that all knowledge derives from experience. These philosophers were hostile to rationalistic metaphysics, particularly to its unbridled use of speculation, its grandiose claims, and its epistemology grounded in innate ideas) If Locke could account of all human knowledge without making reference to innate ideas, then his theory would be simpler, hence better, than that of Descartes. He wrote, â€Å"Let usRead MoreJohn Lockes Theory of Know ledge Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pages John Locke was an empiricist who believed that people could acquire knowledge from experience. Ideas acted as raw materials and by knowing the relation of the ideas, we got knowledge. All ideas are based on experience but knowledge can also be justified by intuition and demonstration. By sensation and reflection, we get sensitive, intuitive and demonstrative knowledge with different degrees of certainty and ways of evidence. In investigating the two main sources ofRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead MoreRenee Pann . Mid Term Essay. John Locke’S Limited Representationalism. March 12, 2017. A. . Do You Ever1417 Words   |  6 PagesRenee Pann Mid Term Essay John Locke’s Limited Representationalism March 12, 2017 A. Do you ever wonder what life is? How we subsist as humans? What is the macrocosm in general? It’s uncanny concept to cogitate, so many explications are out there and we still don’t have the answers we optate. John Locke, who wanted to test those questions was the first modern empiricist we studied. His philosophies were deeply influential on us. Locke argued that, â€Å"the mind represents the external world, but doesRead MoreHow John Locke Inspired Maria Montessori1459 Words   |  6 PagesJOHN LOCKE Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself. – John Locke Childhood John Locke was born on August 29, 1632, in Wrington, a village in the English country of Somerset. He was baptized the same day. Soon after his birth, the family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in an old fashioned stone farmhouse . His father was a county lawyer to the Justices of the Peace and his motherRead More John Locke Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke John Locke is considered to be England’s most prominent philosopher. He was born August 29, 1632 in a small town of Somerset, which is south of Bristol, England. Locke was the oldest of three children. His mother died when he was 22 years old and Locke spoke of her very well. Locke’s father was a Puritan attorney and clerk to a justice of the peace in the town where Locke was born. He was very strict with his son when he was younger. which Locke later believed that parents shouldRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Self And Personal Identity Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Locke a seventeenth century Philosopher uses a number of thought experiments in his 1690 account, ’An Essay concerning Human Understanding’. He uses these thought experiments to help explain his definition of the self and personal identity. The thought experiments that are used, go some way in explaining his opinions and in clarifying the role that memory plays in defining the term . Although defining personal identity was and still is a complex subject and not all philosophers share the sameRead More Poes Fall of The House of Usher Essay: Beyond Empiricism and Transcendentalism1482 Words   |  6 Pages      Ã‚   When Edgar Allan Poe wrote The Fall of the House of Usher, two factors greatly influenced his writing. A first influence was John Lockes idea of Empiricism, which was the idea that all knowledge was gained by experiences, exclusively through the senses. A second vital influence was Transcendentalism, which was a reaction to Empiricism.   While John Locke believed that reality or truth was constituted by the material world and by the senses, Transcendentalists believed that reality andRead MoreEssay John Locke943 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most compelling theory of metaphysics. First, I explain Locke’s point that all humans are born as Tabula Rasa, in order to gain basic understanding of where Locke begins his theory. Second, I discuss how Locke argues how we obtain knowledge, empiricism and representationalism, and knowledge about the work varies between strong and weak inferences. Third, I will provide counter examples to Locke’s ideas, and will explain why t hese counter examples work for Locke’s theories provided. Finally, IRead MoreHuman Reasoning John Locke ´s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding1236 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke in his prose An Essay Concerning Human Understanding displays an extremely individualistic take on human reason (126). Proposing a perspective that is especially interesting during his time in the 17th century, which catered to a shift towards individual morals and responsibilities - the Puritan movement (Kang). Furthermore, John Locke sees the human mind as a product of one’s own experiences and inherent responsibilities, which is evident not only in his essay, but also in his upbringing

A Review On The Kraljic Portfolio - 1126 Words

The Kraljic portfolio approach has been called as the best step forward in the growth of professional purchasing. (Gelderman and van Weele, 2005) Purchasing portfolio models have been receiving more responsiveness in today’s time for the sake of specialised purchasing. A complete portfolio approach for professional purchasers was introduced by Peter Kraljic in 1983. Since the portfolio helps the buyers in having a wide range of suppliers it becomes easier for them to manage and chose the most profitable ones. The Kraljic portfolio is based on two different matrices. The first one categorizes firm’s purchased products (profit impact) and the other dimension being the supply risk involved in it. The values of both the dimensions can be high as well as low. To show the comparative position of the firm in the parallel supply market is the second dimension of kraljic’s matrix. Depending on the relationship of the buyer/seller following purchasing strategies can be followed: exploit, balance, and diversify. 1.1 Classification of Products Using Kraljic Matrix There are four different kinds of products classified by Kraljic that can be used by an organization. They are bottleneck items, strategic items, leverage items, and non-critical items. Bottleneck products are susceptible in nature in respect to their supply and as a result they have less effect on the financial outcomes of the firm. Suppliers are always in a strong position for such kind of products. Therefore, theShow MoreRelatedThe Future Role Of Procurement Of The Global Supply Chain2344 Words   |  10 Pagesdiscuss and critique of the role of purchasing in the global supply chain, an outline and discuss of three factors, such as, environment, technological, and practice, discussion and critical Kraljic Portfolio Matrix and Cox Model relationship needed to changes, outline the advantages and disadvantages of Kraljic Portfolio Matrix and Cox Model relationship with the procurement department, discuss the success factors come from the relationship between supplier and buyer is human resource, and recommendationsRead MoreRole Of Purchasing Portfolio Matrix And Cox Model Relationship2519 Words   |  11 PagesTable of Contents Introduction 3 The role of purchasing 3 The key factors 6 Kraljic Portfolio Matrix and Cox Model relationship. 8 The advantages and disadvantages 12 The success factors come from human resource 13 Conclusion and Recommendations 14 Bibliography 16 Table of figures Figure 1- the basic model of Porters Value Chain (Fao2001)..4 Figure 2 ? Purchasing portfolio matrix, (Bedey et al. 2008)....10 Figure 3- The Cox Model relationship (Btecexpert 2011)...11Read MoreSabor Internaional Case Study2127 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In this case study, we review Sabor’s current position with regards to its supply source of Macronil, the main component for its air filtration units. We evaluate this using the Karljic matrix and his 4-phase methodology (Kraljic, 1983) as our theoretical framework and analyze the options available to Sabor Inc. using the case information and data provided. We then conclude with our goal of offering viable recommendations to Sabor, given the constraints, to better Sabor’s purchasingRead MoreA Case Study of Dell Supply Chain Management4601 Words   |  19 Pagescomprehensive IT system. What the competitive advantages do they provide for the Dell and how do they interact with each other to make the supply chain more efficient? 3. Methodology There are some methods are used in our research. First is literature review which is basic knowledge about supply chain management. And analysis the information from the scientific articles to find related resources like bullwhip effect and supplier relationships. What’s more, collecting public data from related resourcesRead MoreManagement and Study Unit41787 Words   |  168 Pagesobjectives of purchasing and supply management illustrate and explain the importance of purchasing and supply management for business enterprises discuss each of the basic steps in the purchasing cycle outline the fundamental principles of the purchasing portfolio provide a broader perspective on supply chain management and logistics management identify the interface between purchasing and supply management and general business management describe the nature of purchasing and supply planning illustrate andRead MoreManagement and Study Unit41775 Words   |  168 Pagesobjectives of purchasing a nd supply management illustrate and explain the importance of purchasing and supply management for business enterprises discuss each of the basic steps in the purchasing cycle outline the fundamental principles of the purchasing portfolio provide a broader perspective on supply chain management and logistics management identify the interface between purchasing and supply management and general business management describe the nature of purchasing and supply planning illustrate and

Victor vroom expectancy theory free essay sample

Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory?

Women and their roles in the criminal justice system Essay Example

Women and their roles in the criminal justice system Essay From 2003, criminal justice system in the UK has been under the observation of Fawcett’s commission especially with more emphasis on how it relates to women. The commission paid so much attention on women’s experiences as offenders, victims and workers in the system and a conclusion was made that women continue to suffer under the system which was designed for men and by men. It emerged that women continue to be imprisoned even without committing crimes that are violent. The system has also failed in protecting, supporting and providing women, who are violence victims, with justice. It was also established that women are not given the top jobs in the system especially in the areas of legal profession, prison and judiciary and this makes one wonder what is the place of women in the system in regards to their roles as victims ,offenders and professionals (Fawcett’s Society, 2009). This essay shows that women victims, offenders and professionals are in one way or an other treated very differently from their male counterparts in all areas of the criminal justice system.Women as victims in the systemObservation has been made in Scotland that, the experiences that women go through in the criminal and justice system reflect what is going on in the broader contexts of society and politics. The issue of gender equality has also found its way into these justice systems (Flack, nd). Recently, there have emerged a lot of concerns especially in regards to women as victims in the system. All women victims are usually treated the same when there is need for some cases to be given special attention or treatment. For example those cases related to discrimination against women and the ones that abuse intimacy should be given special treated.   It has been discovered that, so many government officials do not want to be associated with the term ‘feminists’ and thus they run away from the reality that women are usually treated badly in our systems . The laws that are being used are seen to be patterned according to the measures men have put to determine which is an acceptable conduct and which one is not (Kennedy, 2005).The Fawcett’s commission established that, women have problems in reporting their cases especially those ones involved with rape and domestic violence. Since the criminal justice system is male dominated, it is putting off these women who are victims of crime. The latter are said to fear because they do not trust those men of authority and this includes even the police (Baird et al, 2003).Prostitutes and women who have been trafficked to do the same , also fear the authority so much even though they claim that the same authority has a part to play for the kind of life they are living. The women who are victims of this trafficking claim that, they are usually treated as illegal immigrants by the same system. Those who have gone through the experience of domestic violence claim that, they cannot report th eir cases because the system will not be able to protect them in case the violence perpetrators decide to retaliate. Sometimes, the police fail even to investigate these cases and this one makes women to see no point of reporting them (Baird et al, 2003).Rape victims are also afraid of reporting their cases for they fear that the court will blame them for the crimes committed against them because of how they were dressed at the time the crime was being committed. They believe that the courts are usually on the side of men to the extent that they will rule in their favor. With these claims, it emerged that there are some gaps on how the police treat rape cases. It was discovered that, the police usually throw away evidence that would have been very crucial in rape cases. For example, the DNA samples were never sent to national DNA database for analysis and since most of the perpetrators of rape were serial criminals, they ended up being free due to lack of evidence (Baird et a, 2003) .The police are supposed to keep the victims of violence informed about the development of their cases but it was found out that, they actually do not. Sometimes, cases are dropped without the knowledge of the victims. The commission also discovered that, most rape and domestic violence cases do not reach the prosecutors’ desks because most of the time, the police   look for the weaknesses of the cases and associate them with the myths about rapes and such like things. This has been found to undermine how these cases have being handled by the police. Some times in domestic violence cases, there is a communication break down between the police and the state prosecutor and this leads to loss of information about the cases. Some women complained to the commission that some of these domestic violence cases are sometimes dropped or even treated as lesser offences without the complainants’ consenting (Baird et al, 2003).When it comes to the court, the victim of rape someti mes is not informed of how the legal process goes and thus they find themselves unable to tell who the defender is and who the prosecutor is. They also complained that most of the time while in court, they always felt as if they were the ones on trial. Sometimes rape cases are usually fixed to take place at any time and the complainants sometimes are not informed of when their cases will start .and some of them take very long time to get to court (Baird et al, 2003).Women as offenders in the systemThe question has always been asked; should women offenders be treated differently from male offenders? Will treating them that way be effective in reforming them? (Chesney, nd). Crimes committed by females are usually considered to be offences which do not pose major problems compared to the ones committed by men. From long time ago, the former have been identified with minor offences and that is why they are very few in the population of offenders in the system. Today, things seem to chan ge in that, there has been a rise in violent crimes committed by women (US Department of Justice, 2010).So many things emerge in regards to women as offenders, right from their sanitary needs to their children’s care. Most of these women have dependants and thus the Fawcett’s commission recommended that, before an offender is incarcerated, he or she should be asked whether they have dependants at home or not (Baird et al, 2003).The commission established that prostitutes have to put up with some explicit comments from the police. Some women who may not speak English were seen to be handled aggressively and they had problems claiming their rights. Sometimes cases involving black women from the Caribbean countries were not allowed to continue because the police may have not collected enough evidence or they did not intend to (Baird et al, 2003). Concerns were also raised regarding women who were accused of killing their abusive partners (husbands or lovers). Sometimes, t hese women failed to give information at the trial on how they were abused by their deceased partners because it might be claimed that, they were trying to gain some sympathy since they had not mentioned it before to the police. Their lawyers, just like the police may also fail to mention them. Many women have also complained about how they do not have close contact with their lawyers especially when they are in remand. Although these lawyers may be well trained, they may not have any experience to deal with such situations (Baird et al, 2003).It also emerged that these criminal justice systems do not have good child care facilities. This has posed so many problems to both women offenders and witnesses who would be required to attend court sessions most of the time. Those who were remanded also had the same problem. Sometimes they will have their children handled by court ushers who will be baby- sitting the children at court’s waiting areas, which are not the best areas for children (Baird et al, 2003).It was also established that when magistrates were sentencing women, they tended to see them as troubled people and not troublesome, and thus they took the approach of trying to help while sentencing them. Sometimes fining women seemed not to be suitable due to their financial conditions. They were thus denied some  Ã‚   sentencing options making them to reach prison easily than their male counterparts. This answers the question of why there are so many women in jails who have never been convicted before. Women who were found guilty of killing their abusive partners, always found themselves convicted of murder charges rather than man slaughter regardless of whether they were defending themselves or not when the crime was being committed (Baird et al, 2003)It also emerged that resources in the probation facilities were directed to high risk offenders, for example those who have been convicted of sexual crimes. This group is mainly made up of male offend ers. Programs for offenders are also designed for males. With these kinds of programs, there is a high probability that some women who are victims of sexual abuse will find themselves in a group dominated by men (Baird et al, 2003).Women as professionals in the systemOver the years, women’s roles have increased in the criminal judicial system. For a long period of time, this system has mostly been dominated by men (Calhoun, 2009).When it comes to the police force, from long time ago, there was division of labor based on gender. Most female police officers have been dealing with cases such as child neglect, female offenders among others touching on family matters. In the UK, only 19% of the police force is made up of women and to worsen the situation, they all occupy the lower ranks. The first appointment of a woman as a chief constable happened in the year 1995 and today, only 5 women are chief constables among the 43 constables in England and Wales (Baird et al, 2004).To mov e up the ladder in the police force, may take a long time and this is quite disadvantageous to women since most of them may take some time out to raise families. It was discovered that when women apply for jobs in the police force, they have to wait until when they feel they are fit and competent for the position but for men is different. They just apply for the jobs with an attitude of giving it a shot. Many women in the police force are lobbying for changes to be done on the recruitment system since the current ones are of disadvantage to them. The recruiting teams usually concentrate on the strength of the upper body, which is a characteristic of men. It was also found out that in areas such as crime detection units, women are very few (Baird et al, 2004).Unlike in the US, England and Wales have a divided legal protection. There are barristers and solicitors. In these two states, they have 40% women solicitors among 90,000. Among 11,000 barristers, they only make 30% of them. It was also found out that women who are employed on contracts by law firms are paid less than men who work in the same places and the payment gap is still widening. It has also been difficult for women lawyers who are experienced to be promoted. It has emerged that when women lawyers clock the age of thirty, they leave the profession just at the time when they are supposed to be partners. This also happens when women want to start a family or when they want to go for maternity leave (Baird et al, 2004).As pertains to the matters of the judiciary, women are also underrepresented especially in senior positions. There has been flaws being noticed when it comes to the recruitment of judges because most of the time women candidates have to declare their marital status. Sometimes, the candidates need to be recommended by senior judges and this has been found to inconvenience most women candidates (Baird et al, 2004).In conclusion, it has emerged that, almost all criminal and justice systems including the one in the US, UK and Scotland have some thing in common. Women victims, offenders and professionals are in one way or another treated very differently from their male counterparts in all areas.